A Research Professor (BOF) in Islamic Studies. He specialized in the Fiker history of the modern Islamic world, and worked in Islamic political and legal thought, philosophy, and literature. An Author and (co-editor) of eleven books, including four single-authored research books and a multi-volume anthology on the Caliphate, the Islamic State, and the position of Fatwas in Islamic Law. A founding editor of Routledge’s Contemporary Thought books in the Islamic world.